1. “Never have I witnessed such bravery.” What is the primary function of the inverted structure in this sentence?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: This is an example of inversion after a negative adverbial (“Never”). The standard word order (“I have never witnessed…”) is inverted to place strong emphasis on the introductory element, highlighting the intensity of the speaker’s experience.
2. Identify the function of the underlined clause: “The reason why he left early remains a mystery.”
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The clause “why he left early” modifies the noun “reason.” It functions as an adjective, specifying which reason is being discussed. It is a restrictive relative clause.
3. Which of the following sentences demonstrates chiasmus?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures to produce an artistic effect. In B, the structure “country…you” is inverted to “you…country.” Option D is an example of parallelism and ellipsis, not chiasmus.
4. What type of sentence is this? “Though the storm raged, the lighthouse keeper remained at his post, ensuring the light guided ships safely to shore.”
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The sentence contains one independent clause (“the lighthouse keeper remained at his post…”) and one dependent clause (“Though the storm raged”). A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is a complex sentence.
5. “The manager, a man known for his punctuality, was surprisingly late.” The underlined part is a(n)…
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: An appositive phrase is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. Here, “a man known for his punctuality” renames “The manager.”
6. A paragraph that starts with a general statement and then provides specific examples to support it uses which method of development?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Deductive reasoning moves from a general principle or thesis statement (the topic sentence) to specific supporting details or examples. This is the most common structure for academic paragraphs.
7. In the sentence “To achieve greatness requires sacrifice,” the infinitive phrase “To achieve greatness” functions as a…
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The entire infinitive phrase acts as the subject of the verb “requires.” We can test this by replacing it with a pronoun: “It requires sacrifice.” Therefore, it functions as a noun.
8. “His hands raw and his back aching, the farmer finished the harvest.” The opening phrase “His hands raw and his back aching” is an example of a(n):
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: An absolute phrase (or nominative absolute) modifies the entire main clause, not a single noun. It consists of a noun or pronoun followed by a participle or other modifiers. It has a subject but not a finite verb.
9. Which punctuation mark is most appropriate to join two closely related independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A semicolon (;) is used to connect two independent clauses that are thematically linked. Using a comma would result in a comma splice, a grammatical error. For example: “The presentation was a success; everyone was impressed.”
10. What is the structural flaw in this sentence? “Running for the bus, my bag fell on the pavement.”
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The participial phrase “Running for the bus” is a dangling modifier because it doesn’t logically modify the subject of the main clause (“my bag”). The bag was not running for the bus. A correct version would be: “Running for the bus, I dropped my bag on the pavement.”
11. “The company implemented a new policy; consequently, employee morale improved.” The word “consequently” is a:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Conjunctive adverbs (like ‘however’, ‘therefore’, ‘consequently’) connect two independent clauses and show the relationship between them (in this case, cause and effect). They are typically preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.
12. Identify the sentence with faulty parallelism.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Parallel structure requires that items in a series have the same grammatical form. In sentence B, “insightful” and “comprehensive” are adjectives, but “written well” is a participial phrase. To be parallel, it should be “well-written” (a compound adjective) or rephrased: “The report was insightful, comprehensive, and well-written.”
13. In argumentative writing, the thesis statement primarily serves to:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The thesis statement is the core of an argumentative essay. It is a clear, concise, and debatable statement that presents the central argument or claim that the rest of the essay will support and prove.
14. “Whatever you decide is fine with me.” The underlined clause functions as a:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The entire clause “Whatever you decide” acts as the subject of the verb “is”. It occupies the noun slot in the sentence. We can substitute it with “The decision is fine with me.”
15. A paragraph that lacks a clear, single focus is said to violate the principle of:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Unity in a paragraph means that all sentences are related to a single main idea, which is usually expressed in the topic sentence. If a paragraph discusses multiple, unrelated ideas, it lacks unity.
16. What type of sentence structure is used here? “The artist painted the mural, and the community celebrated its completion while journalists documented the event.”
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The sentence has two independent clauses (“The artist painted the mural” and “the community celebrated its completion”) joined by “and”. It also has one dependent clause (“while journalists documented the event”). A sentence with two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause is a compound-complex sentence.
17. A colon (:) is appropriately used in which of the following sentences?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: A colon is used to introduce an explanation, an example, or a list, but it must follow a complete independent clause. In sentence B, “He had one goal in life” is a complete clause. In sentence A, the colon incorrectly separates the verb “are” from its complements. Sentence C should use a colon, not a semicolon. Sentence D misuses the colon where a semicolon or a period would be appropriate.
18. The logical flow and connection of ideas between sentences and paragraphs is known as:
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Coherence refers to how well the ideas in a text are logically connected and easy for the reader to follow. It is achieved through transitional devices, logical sequencing, and consistent focus. While unity (one main idea per paragraph) contributes to coherence, coherence is the broader concept of logical connection.
19. In the sentence, “The book, which I borrowed from the library, is overdue,” the underlined clause is:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The clause is non-restrictive because it provides extra, non-essential information about the noun “book.” It is set off by commas, and the sentence would still make sense without it (“The book is overdue”). A restrictive clause is essential to the meaning and is not set off by commas.
20. The rhetorical structure that repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses is called:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Anaphora is the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect. Example: “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets…”
21. “So great was his fear that he could not move.” This sentence structure is primarily used for:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: This is another form of inversion, often used with “so + adjective + that”. The structure “So great was his fear…” inverts the standard “His fear was so great…” to emphasize the degree of the adjective (“great”).
22. Identify the function of the gerund phrase in this sentence: “He credits his success to working hard every day.”
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The gerund phrase “working hard every day” follows the preposition “to”. Therefore, it functions as the object of the preposition.
23. A text structure that organizes events in the order they occurred is:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Chronological order, or time order, is a method of organization where actions or events are presented as they happened or are expected to happen. It is common in narrative and process-analysis writing.
24. “The report, which was meticulously researched, proved invaluable.” The use of “which” instead of “that” indicates the clause is:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: In formal English, “which” (often preceded by a comma) is used to introduce non-restrictive clauses, which add non-essential information. “That” is used for restrictive clauses, which are essential to identify the noun. The commas around the clause also signal its non-restrictive nature.
25. The omission of conjunctions between a series of related clauses (e.g., “I came, I saw, I conquered”) is a rhetorical device called:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Asyndeton is the stylistic choice to omit conjunctions where they would normally be used. This technique can create a sense of speed, urgency, or a powerful, staccato rhythm. Polysyndeton is the opposite (using many conjunctions).
26. In an essay, the paragraph that links the introduction to the body paragraphs and sets the stage for the argument is often called the:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: While the thesis is usually in the introduction, a transitional paragraph can be used in longer essays to smoothly guide the reader from the general introductory ideas to the specific points of the main body. It functions as a bridge.
27. “Had I known the truth, I would have acted differently.” This sentence structure expresses a(n):
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: This is an inverted form of the third conditional (past unreal). The standard structure is “If I had known…”. The inversion of “Had I known…” is a more formal way to express a hypothetical situation in the past that did not happen.
28. Which of the following best describes the function of a topic sentence in a paragraph?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The topic sentence acts as a mini-thesis for the paragraph. It presents the central point or argument that the rest of the sentences in that paragraph will support, explain, or develop.
29. The sentence “I enjoy reading novels, especially those written by historical authors” contains what kind of underlined phrase?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The phrase “written by historical authors” begins with a past participle (“written”) and modifies the pronoun “those” (which refers to “novels”). A phrase that begins with a participle and functions as an adjective is a participial phrase.
30. A periodic sentence is a sentence where the main point (independent clause) is placed at:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A periodic sentence builds suspense by delaying the main clause until the end. For example: “Despite heavy winds and nearly impenetrable fog, the plane landed safely.” The opposite is a loose or cumulative sentence, where the main clause comes first.
31. What is the structural relationship between these two sentences: “The city’s infrastructure is aging. Consequently, the government has approved a massive budget for repairs.”
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The first sentence states a cause (aging infrastructure). The second sentence, introduced by the transitional word “Consequently,” states the effect or result (a budget for repairs). This demonstrates a cause-and-effect relationship.
32. The sentence “It is important that he be on time” uses which verb mood?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The subjunctive mood is used to express wishes, suggestions, requirements, or hypothetical situations. In this “that-clause” following a word of importance (“It is important”), the base form of the verb (“be” instead of “is”) is used. This is a classic example of the present subjunctive.
33. “To complain is easy; to find a solution is hard.” This sentence is a strong example of:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The sentence uses parallelism by structuring both clauses with an infinitive phrase as the subject (“To complain…”; “to find a solution…”). It also employs antithesis by contrasting two opposing ideas (“easy” vs. “hard”) in this parallel structure for a powerful effect.
34. A paragraph organized by describing a room from left to right would be using which organizational pattern?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Spatial organization arranges information according to how things are positioned in physical space. This can be left-to-right, top-to-bottom, near-to-far, inside-to-outside, etc. It is most common in descriptive writing.
35. Identify the subordinate clause in the following sentence: “The scientist, after she had completed her research, published a groundbreaking paper.”
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: A subordinate (or dependent) clause has a subject (“she”) and a verb (“had completed”) but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It begins with a subordinating conjunction (“after”). The main clause is “The scientist published a groundbreaking paper.”
36. A sentence fragment is best defined as:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence that is missing a subject, a predicate, or both, but is incorrectly punctuated as if it were a complete thought (e.g., with a period). Example: “Because he was late.” This is a dependent clause treated as a sentence.
37. “The politician’s speech was full of empty promises, glittering generalities, and emotional appeals.” This sentence primarily describes the use of:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The terms “empty promises,” “glittering generalities,” and “emotional appeals” all refer to types of propaganda or rhetorical fallacies—flaws in reasoning used to persuade an audience through non-logical means.
38. In the structure of a classic five-paragraph essay, the body paragraphs serve to:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The primary function of the body paragraphs is to provide evidence, examples, analysis, and argumentation for the claims made in the thesis statement. Each body paragraph typically focuses on one supporting point.
39. Which of these is a fused sentence (run-on)?
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: A fused sentence occurs when two independent clauses are joined with no punctuation or conjunction between them. Option D incorrectly merges “The sun set” and “the moon rose.” Option A is a comma splice, another type of run-on. Options B and C correctly connect the clauses.
40. The concluding sentence of a paragraph should ideally:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: A good concluding sentence wraps up the discussion within the paragraph. It often restates the main idea (from the topic sentence) in a new way and can sometimes provide a transition to the next paragraph, but its primary job is to create closure for the current point.
41. What is the syntactic term for a word or phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, often expressing manner, place, time, or degree?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: An adverbial is a word (adverb), phrase (adverbial phrase), or clause (adverbial clause) that functions as an adverb to modify other elements in the sentence, providing information about how, when, where, or why an action occurs.
42. “I am not a villain; I am a man more sinned against than sinning.” The second clause primarily functions to:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The semicolon connects two closely related ideas. The first clause makes a negative assertion (“not a villain”). The second clause explains and clarifies this by offering an alternative, more complex identity (“a man more sinned against…”). It elaborates on the first statement rather than just contradicting it.
43. The use of headings and subheadings in a long document primarily improves its:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Headings and subheadings are key structural devices. They break the text into manageable sections, signal shifts in topic, and create a visual hierarchy, all of which make the document easier for the reader to navigate, understand, and skim for information.
44. In the sentence, “She gave whoever asked a piece of advice,” the underlined noun clause functions as the:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The sentence follows the pattern Subject-Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object (S-V-IO-DO). The verb is “gave.” The direct object (what she gave) is “a piece of advice.” The indirect object (to whom she gave it) is the noun clause “whoever asked.”
45. A rhetorical mode focused on telling a story or recounting a series of events is known as:
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Narration is the art of storytelling. As a rhetorical mode, it structures a piece of writing around a sequence of events, often (but not always) in chronological order, to make a point or entertain.
46. “The flowers, beautiful and fragrant, filled the room.” This sentence structure, with the adjectives placed after the noun, is an example of:
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Normally, adjectives come before the noun (prenominal). When an adjectival phrase is placed after the noun it modifies, it is in the postpositive position. This is often done for emphasis or stylistic variety. Apposition involves renaming a noun, which is not what’s happening here.
47. A concluding paragraph that calls on the reader to do something is using a technique called:
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: A call to action is a powerful concluding strategy, especially in persuasive writing. After presenting the argument, the writer urges the reader to take a specific step—vote, donate, change a habit, etc.—based on the information provided.
48. “He found the key lying on the doorstep.” The underlined phrase is a:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The phrase begins with the present participle “lying” and describes the noun “key.” It acts as an adjective, answering the question “Which key?” or “What was the key doing?”
49. A text that explains how to assemble a piece of furniture would be best structured as:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Process analysis is a method of development that explains a sequence of steps. It details how something is done or how something works, making it the perfect structure for instructions, recipes, or scientific procedures.
50. The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses (the opposite of anaphora) is called:
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Epistrophe (or epiphora) is the rhetorical device of repeating the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. For example: “…government of the people, by the people, for the people…”
51. What is the syntactic function of the direct object in a basic S-V-O (Subject-Verb-Object) sentence?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: In a transitive sentence, the subject performs the action, and the direct object is the noun or pronoun that receives that action. For example, in “The cat chased the mouse,” “the mouse” is the direct object receiving the action of “chased.”
52. “The senator, whose platform was based on fiscal responsibility, won the election.” The clause “whose platform was based on fiscal responsibility” is a(n):
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The clause modifies “The senator” but is not essential to identify him (we already know which senator from the context). It is set off by commas, indicating it provides additional, non-essential information, making it non-restrictive.
53. The principle of placing the most important idea in a sentence in the position of greatest emphasis (often the end) is called:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: End-focus is a principle of sentence structure where the most significant or impactful information is deliberately placed at the end of the sentence to give it maximum emphasis. This is the guiding principle behind the periodic sentence.
54. An essay that groups elements into categories based on shared characteristics uses which organizational pattern?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Division breaks a whole into its parts, while classification groups individual items into categories. This structural method is used to organize complex information logically by sorting it into understandable groups (e.g., types of renewable energy, genres of film).
55. “We must either raise revenue or cut spending.” This sentence employs which structural element?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that link balanced words, phrases, or clauses. The pairs include “either…or,” “neither…nor,” “both…and,” and “not only…but also.”
56. In the sentence, “They considered the plan a masterpiece,” what are the grammatical functions of the underlined parts, respectively?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The sentence follows the S-V-O-C pattern (Subject-Verb-Object-Complement). “The plan” is the direct object of the verb “considered.” “A masterpiece” is the object complement because it renames or describes the direct object.
57. A “hook” in the introductory paragraph is designed to:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The hook is the opening sentence or sentences of an introduction. Its purpose is to capture the reader’s interest and make them want to continue reading. It can be a question, a surprising fact, an anecdote, or a powerful quote.
58. “Away flew the bird.” This sentence is an example of anastrophe, which is the inversion of:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Anastrophe is the general term for inverting the usual word order of a sentence (e.g., Adverb-Verb-Subject instead of Subject-Verb-Adverb). It is often used in poetry and prose for rhythmic effect or to place emphasis on the displaced word (“Away”).
59. A loose or cumulative sentence is characterized by:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A loose/cumulative sentence presents its main idea first (in the independent clause) and then adds details through a series of modifying phrases and clauses. This creates a more relaxed, conversational tone compared to the suspense of a periodic sentence.
60. In academic writing, using transitional phrases like “In contrast,” “Furthermore,” and “For example” primarily enhances:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical links that hold a text together. Transitional phrases are explicit cohesive devices that signal the logical relationship between sentences and ideas, making the text flow smoothly.
61. “The project was difficult, but the team, buoyed by their recent success, felt confident.” The underlined phrase is a:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The phrase starts with the past participle “buoyed” and functions as an adjective modifying “the team.” It describes the state of the team, so it’s a participial phrase.
62. A paragraph that opens by describing a problem and then proposes a way to fix it is using a ________ structure.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: This is a common and persuasive organizational pattern. The writer first identifies and explains a problem to convince the reader of its importance, and then follows up with one or more potential solutions, often arguing for the best one.
63. Which sentence contains an error in subject-verb agreement?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The subject of the main verb “is” is “data.” “Data” is the plural form of “datum” and conventionally takes a plural verb in formal academic writing. The sentence should read: “The data… are inconclusive.” The intervening clause “which came from multiple sources” does not change the subject.
64. “Deep into the night he worked, his only companion the flickering candle.” The phrase “his only companion the flickering candle” is a(n):
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: This is a nominative absolute (or absolute phrase). It has a subject (“companion”) and modifiers but no true verb, and it modifies the entire preceding clause. It provides additional context or detail about the main action. An appositive would rename “he,” which this phrase does not do.
65. What structural device is at play in the line “Fair is foul, and foul is fair”?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: This is a classic example of chiasmus. The structure is ABBA: (A) Fair (B) is foul, and (B) foul is (A) fair. The concepts are presented and then inverted, creating a crisscross pattern.
66. A paragraph is said to have strong _______ when its sentences are well-connected and flow logically from one to the next.
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Coherence is the “glue” that holds a paragraph together. It’s the quality of being logical and consistent, achieved through transitional words, repetition of key ideas, and a clear organizational pattern. Unity means having one idea; coherence means making that one idea flow smoothly.
67. “The decision that we must leave immediately was made by the committee.” The underlined clause is a:
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The noun clause “that we must leave immediately” renames or explains the noun “decision.” It is in apposition to “decision.” You could rewrite the sentence as “The decision was that we must leave immediately,” where the clause would be a subject complement.
68. The use of an em dash (—) is LEAST appropriate for which of the following functions?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: While an em dash can introduce a list, a colon (:) is the more formal and conventional punctuation mark for this purpose, especially when the list is introduced by a complete sentence. Em dashes are generally considered more informal and emphatic than colons.
69. In a persuasive essay, a “concession” is a structural element where the author:
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: A concession is a sophisticated argumentative strategy. By acknowledging and accepting a part of the opposing viewpoint, the author demonstrates fairness and reasonableness, which can strengthen their own credibility before they proceed to refute the point or show why their own position is superior.
70. “What she said was shocking.” What is the grammatical role of the clause “What she said”?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The entire clause “What she said” acts as the subject of the verb “was.” We can test this by replacing it with a pronoun: “It was shocking.” Therefore, the clause is functioning as a noun and is the subject of the sentence.
71. An argument that presents only two choices when more exist is committing which structural fallacy?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A false dichotomy, also known as an either/or fallacy, is a flaw in argumentative structure that artificially limits the available options to just two, often polar opposites, ignoring any middle ground or alternative solutions.
72. Which sentence uses an elliptical construction correctly?
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Ellipsis is the omission of words that are understood from the context. In sentence A, the verb “is an expert” is omitted from the second clause because it’s clearly implied from the first clause. Options C and D are grammatically correct but C could be ambiguous (“…than she likes coffee” or “…than he likes her”), and D simply uses a pronoun. A is the best example of a formal elliptical structure.
73. “The old house stood on a hill overlooking the sea, its windows like vacant eyes.” The concluding phrase is an example of a(n):
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The phrase “its windows like vacant eyes” is an absolute phrase (nominative absolute). It has its own subject (“windows”) but not a finite verb, and it modifies the entire main clause by adding a descriptive detail. It is not an appositive because it doesn’t rename “house” or “hill.”
74. The sentence “I know that the earth is round” contains a noun clause functioning as a(n):
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The clause “that the earth is round” is what the subject “I” knows. It directly receives the action of the verb “know,” making it the direct object of the sentence.
75. When a writer arranges ideas from least important to most important, they are using what order?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Climactic order (or order of importance) is a structural strategy where points, evidence, or ideas are arranged to build up to the most significant or persuasive one. This creates a powerful final impression on the reader.
76. “Not only did he finish the race, but he also broke the record.” The structure “Not only… but also” is used to:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The correlative conjunctions “Not only… but also” are used to connect and emphasize two parallel pieces of information, with the second one often being more impressive than the first. The inversion (“did he finish”) after “Not only” adds further emphasis.
77. A text describing the features of a new smartphone by discussing its camera, then its screen, then its battery, is structured using which pattern?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Topical organization (or logical order) breaks a large subject into smaller, logical sub-topics. Here, the overall subject is the “smartphone,” and the sub-topics are its distinct features (camera, screen, battery). This is a very common structure for expository and descriptive writing.
78. “If I were a billionaire, I would fund space exploration.” This sentence uses the subjunctive mood to express:
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: This is an example of the second conditional, which uses the past subjunctive (“were” instead of “was”) to talk about an unreal or hypothetical present or future situation. The speaker is not a billionaire, so the situation is contrary to fact.
79. The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences is the study of:
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Syntax is the branch of grammar that deals with the rules of word order and the structure of sentences. All the topics in this quiz—clauses, phrases, sentence types—fall under the umbrella of syntax.
80. “He left holding his hat and his temper.” This sentence uses which witty rhetorical device?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Zeugma occurs when a single word (usually a verb or preposition) is used to govern two or more other words, but in different senses. Here, “holding” applies literally to “his hat” and figuratively to “his temper.”
81. “On the desk lay his final report.” The primary reason for this inverted structure is:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: This is a locative inversion, where a prepositional phrase of place is moved to the front of the sentence. This inverts the verb and subject, placing the subject at the end for emphasis and stylistic effect (end-focus).
82. Which of the following is a compound-complex sentence?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A compound-complex sentence must have at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. In C, “she missed the introduction” and “she arrived in time for the main speech” are independent clauses. “Because she was late” is a dependent clause.
83. The process of breaking down a large topic into its component parts for analysis is known as:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Division, as a method of organization, takes a single unit or concept and breaks it down into its constituent parts to explain how they contribute to the whole. For example, dividing an engine into its parts (pistons, cylinders, etc.).
84. Identify the grammatical structure of the underlined part: “Her goal, to become a doctor, required years of study.”
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The infinitive phrase “to become a doctor” renames or further explains the noun “goal.” When a phrase renames a nearby noun, it functions as an appositive.
85. The logical fallacy of attacking a person’s character instead of their argument is:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: An ad hominem (Latin for “to the person”) fallacy is a structural flaw in an argument where the focus is shifted from the substance of the argument to a personal attack on the opponent, attempting to discredit their argument by discrediting them.
86. “The children, their homework finished, went outside to play.” The phrase “their homework finished” is a(n):
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: This is a classic absolute phrase. It consists of a noun (“homework”) and a participle (“finished”) and modifies the entire main clause (“The children went outside to play”) by providing context or cause.
87. A sentence that makes a statement is called:
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: This is a fundamental classification of sentence function. A declarative sentence declares or states a fact, opinion, or idea and ends with a period.
88. An essay examining the similarities and differences between two political theories would primarily use which structure?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The compare and contrast structure is specifically designed to analyze two subjects by highlighting their similarities (comparison) and their differences (contrast). It can be organized point-by-point or subject-by-subject.
89. The term for the emotional atmosphere or feeling that a text’s structure and language create for the reader is:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Mood (or atmosphere) is the feeling evoked in the reader. Sentence structure plays a key role: long, complex sentences can create a formal or thoughtful mood, while short, choppy sentences can create a sense of urgency or tension. Tone is the author’s attitude toward the subject.
90. “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.” (Benjamin Franklin). This sentence structure is a form of:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The sentence is built on an extended metaphor that compares education/knowledge to a financial investment. The words “investment,” “pays,” and “interest” all belong to the financial domain but are applied to the abstract concept of knowledge.
91. In a sentence like “I regret telling him the secret,” the gerund phrase “telling him the secret” functions as the:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The gerund phrase is what the speaker regrets. It answers the question “What do I regret?” and therefore functions as the direct object of the verb “regret.”
92. A semicolon can be used before a conjunctive adverb. Which of the following is NOT a conjunctive adverb?
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: “But” is a coordinating conjunction (one of the FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So). Coordinating conjunctions connect independent clauses with just a comma before them. Conjunctive adverbs (like however, therefore, moreover) require a semicolon before them when connecting two independent clauses.
93. What is the defining feature of a restrictive clause?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A restrictive (or essential) clause provides information that is necessary to identify the noun it describes. It “restricts” the meaning to a specific noun. It is not set off by commas. For example: “The student who won the award was thrilled.” (The clause is needed to know which student).
94. The sentence “Having finished their meal, they left the restaurant” features a:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A perfect participle (“having” + past participle) is used to show that the action in the participial phrase was completed before the action in the main clause. Here, “Having finished their meal” correctly modifies “they” and indicates the prior action.
95. An essay that opens with a personal story to illustrate a larger point is using a(n) ________ as an introductory device.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: An anecdote is a short, personal story about a real incident or person. It is a very effective way to hook a reader and provide a concrete, relatable entry point into the essay’s main topic.
96. “Hardly had the sun risen when the birds began to sing.” This sentence structure uses inversion primarily to:
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Inversion after negative or limiting adverbs like “Hardly,” “Scarcely,” and “No sooner” (often paired with “when” or “than”) is used to emphasize the very close sequence of events. It highlights that the second event happened immediately after the first.
97. The structural foundation of an argument, consisting of a claim, data (evidence), and a warrant (the underlying assumption), is known as the:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The Toulmin model is a sophisticated system for analyzing the structure of an argument. Its core components are the claim (the assertion one wishes to prove), the data/grounds (the evidence), and the warrant (the logical connection or assumption that links the data to the claim).
98. Which sentence contains a split infinitive?
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: An infinitive is the base form of a verb, usually preceded by “to” (e.g., “to finish”). A split infinitive occurs when an adverb is placed between “to” and the verb. In sentence A, the adverb “quickly” splits the infinitive “to finish.” While once considered an error, it is now widely accepted in modern English.
99. A sentence with two or more independent clauses but no dependent clauses is a:
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: This is the definition of a compound sentence. It combines two complete thoughts (independent clauses), typically using a coordinating conjunction (like ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’) or a semicolon.
100. The final part of a classical oration or argumentative essay, which summarizes the argument and leaves a lasting impression, is called the:
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: In classical rhetoric, the peroratio is the concluding part of a speech. Its function is to summarize the key points (recapitulation) and to stir the emotions of the audience (affectus), providing a powerful and memorable finish. This is the classical ancestor of the modern essay conclusion.
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