1. Communication-Oriented Approach
- Focus on enabling students to use language for real-life communication.
- Prioritize fluency over accuracy initially, to build confidence and motivation.
- Use activities like role-plays, debates, and storytelling.
2. Learner-Centered Teaching
- Tailor lessons to the needs, interests, and proficiency levels of learners.
- Encourage active participation and autonomy.
- Provide opportunities for students to make choices in their learning process.
3. Contextualization
- Teach language in meaningful contexts rather than in isolation.
- Integrate cultural aspects and situational language use.
- Use real-world examples, visuals, and multimedia resources.
4. Integration of the Four Skills
- Combine listening, speaking, reading, and writing in lessons.
- Example: A lesson on a news article can include:
- Listening: Playing an audio version of the news.
- Reading: Students read the article.
- Speaking: Discussing the article in groups.
- Writing: Writing a summary or opinion piece.
5. Building from Known to Unknown
- Start with familiar topics and structures, gradually introducing new language elements.
- Use the learner’s prior knowledge (including their first language) as a foundation.
6. Gradual Progression
- Move from simple to complex concepts.
- For example, teach basic sentence structures before introducing complex clauses.
7. Repetition and Practice
- Provide ample opportunities for learners to practice new language.
- Use activities like games, dialogues, and repetitive exercises to reinforce learning.
8. Encouraging Interaction
- Promote peer interaction through group activities and discussions.
- Use pair work, team projects, and collaborative learning to enhance engagement.
9. Use of Authentic Materials
- Incorporate real-life texts, audio, and visual materials to make learning relevant and engaging.
- Examples include:
- News articles, podcasts, and videos.
- Menus, brochures, and advertisements.
10. Immediate Feedback
- Provide timely and constructive feedback to correct errors and encourage improvement.
- Balance correction with encouragement to maintain learner confidence.
11. Multisensory Teaching
- Engage multiple senses to enhance learning.
- Use visual aids, physical gestures, audio recordings, and hands-on activities.
12. Fostering a Positive Environment
- Create a supportive atmosphere where learners feel comfortable taking risks.
- Avoid overly focusing on errors; instead, praise effort and progress.
13. Emphasizing Functional Use
- Teach language that learners can immediately apply in practical situations.
- Example: Teaching phrases for ordering food, asking for directions, or introducing oneself.
14. Differentiation
- Adapt teaching methods to suit diverse learning styles (auditory, visual, kinesthetic).
- Offer additional support to weaker students while challenging advanced learners.
15. Encouraging Reflective Learning
- Help students reflect on their learning process and set personal goals.
- Use self-assessment tools, learning logs, or journals.
16. Integration of Technology
- Utilize language apps, online quizzes, interactive games, and digital platforms.
- Example: Using Duolingo for vocabulary building or Zoom for virtual language exchange.
Examples of Application
- Teaching Vocabulary: Use flashcards, realia, and context-rich sentences.
- Teaching Grammar: Integrate grammar into communicative tasks rather than isolated drills.
- Teaching Pronunciation: Use phonetic exercises, tongue twisters, and listening tasks.
